A new systematic review highlights alarming trends in drug use among Pakistani youth, revealing widespread opioid misuse, early initiation, and significant psychosocial risks. The study synthesizes two decades of research to explore the prevalence, risk factors, and social consequences of substance use among individuals aged 12 to 29 in Pakistan,published in Trends in Pharmacology and Toxicology.
The review found heroin and cannabis to be the most commonly abused substances, with 35% of users initiating consumption during adolescence. Tobacco, benzodiazepines, alcohol, and naswar were also prevalent among college and university students, while peer pressure, academic stress, and family conflict emerged as key psychological and social drivers. Street-connected youth showed even higher vulnerability, with drug use associated with homelessness, peer involvement, and prior participation in drug sales.
Comparisons with regional and global trends indicate that while alcohol and cannabis use among Pakistani youth aligns with patterns in other low- and middle-income countries, opioid misuse remains disproportionately high due to Afghanistan’s proximity and Pakistan’s role as a transit hub for illicit drugs. The review also highlights the influence of digital culture in normalizing drug use, alongside gaps in preventive policies, mental health services, and gender-sensitive interventions.
Experts note that institutional responses remain largely punitive, with limited school-based prevention, inadequate rehabilitation programs, and societal stigma compounding the crisis. Female youth substance use is particularly underreported and neglected in research and policy planning.
The study underscores the urgent need for Pakistan to shift from reactive enforcement to holistic, youth-centered strategies. Recommendations include integrating mental health support, family-based interventions, harm-reduction programs, drug education campaigns, and digital literacy initiatives. By learning from international prevention models, Pakistan can work toward sustainable solutions to curb adolescent and young adult substance abuse.